Regulation of gene expression in plants

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme of the starch biosynthetic pathway in a cereal plant, wherein the enzyme is selected from the group consisting of starch branching enzyme I, starch branching enzyme II, starch soluble synthase I, and debranching enzyme, with the proviso that the enzyme is not soluble starch synthase I of rice, or starch branching enzyme I of rice or maize.

This invention relates to methods of modulating the expression of desired genes in plants, and to DNA sequences and genetic constructs for use in these methods. In particular, the invention relates to methods and constructs for targeting of expression specifically to the endosperm of the seeds of cereal plants such as wheat, and for modulating the time of expression in the target tissue. This is achieved by the use of promoter sequences from enzymes of the starch biosynthetic pathway. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the sequences and/or promoters are those of starch branching enzyme I, starch branching enzyme II, soluble starch synthase I, and starch debranching enzyme, all derived from Triticum tauschii, the D genome donor of hexaploid bread wheat.

A further preferred embodiment relates to a method of identifying variations in the characteristics of plants.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Starch is an important constituent of cereal grains and of flours, accounting for about 65-67% of the weight of the grain at maturity. It is produced in the amyloplast of the grain endosperm by the concerted action of a number of enzymes, including ADP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27), starch synthases (EC 2.4.1.21), branching enzymes (EC 2.4.1.18) and debranching enzymes (EC 3.2.1.41 and EC 3.2.1.68) (Ball et al, 1996; Martin and Smith, 1995; Morell et al, 1995). Some of the proteins involved in the synthesis of starch can be recovered from the starch granule (Denyer et al, 1995; Rahman et al, 1995).

Most wheat cultivars normally produce starch containing 25% amylose and 75% amylopectin. Amylose is composed of large linear chains of α (1-4) linked α-D-glucopyranosyl residues, whereas amylopectin is a branching form of α-glycan linked by α (1-6) linkages. The ratio of amylose and amylopectin, the branch chain length and the number of branch chains of amylopectin are the major factors which determine the properties of wheat starch.

Starch with various properties has been widely used in industry, food science and medical science. High amylose wheat can be used for plastic substitutes and in paper manufacture to protect the environment; in health foods to reduce bowel cancer and heart disease; and in sports foods to improve the athletes, performance. High amylopectin wheat may be suitable for Japanese noodles, and is used as a thickener in the food industry.

Wheat contains three sets of chromosomes (A, B and D) in its very large genome of about 10¹⁰ base pairs (bp). The donor of the D genome to wheat is Triticum tauschii, and by using a suitable accession of this species the genes from the D genome can be studied separately (Lagudah et al, 1991).

There is comparatively little variation in starch structure found in wheat varieties, because the hexaploid nature of wheat prevents mutations from being readily identified. Dramatic alterations in starch structure are expected to require the combination of homozygous recessive alleles from each of the 3 wheat genomes, A, B and D. This requirement renders the probability of finding such mutants in natural or mutagenised populations of wheat very low. Variation in wheat starch is desirable in order to enable better tailoring of wheat starches for processing and end-user requirements.

Key commercial targets for the manipulation of starch biosynthesis are:

-   -   1. “Waxy” wheats in which amylose content is decreased to         insignificant levels. This outcome is expected to be obtained by         eliminating granule-bound starch synthase activity.     -   2. High amylose wheats, expected to be obtained by suppressing         starch branching enzyme-II activity.     -   3. Wheats which continue to synthesise starch at elevated         temperatures, expected to be obtained by identifying or         introducing a gene encoding a heat-stable soluble starch         synthase.     -   4. “Sugary types” of wheat which contain increased amylose         content and free sugars, expected to be obtained by manipulating         an isoamylase-type debranching enzyme.

There are two general strategies which may be used to obtain wheats with altered starch structure:

-   -   (a) using genetic engineering strategies to suppress the         activity of a specific gene, or to introduce a novel gene into a         wheat line; and     -   (b) selecting among existing variation in wheat for missing         (“null”) or altered alleles of a gene in each of the genomes of         wheat, and combining these by plant breeding.         However, in view of the complexity of the gene families,         particularly starch branching enzyme I (SBE I), without the         ability to target regions which are unique to genes expressed in         endosperm, modification of wheat by combination of null alleles         of several enzymes in general represents an almost impossible         task.

Branching enzymes are involved in the production of glucose α-1,6 branches. Of the two main constituents of starch, amylose is essentially linear, but amylopectin is highly branched; thus branching enzymes are thought to be directly involved in the synthesis of amylopectin but not amylose. There are two types of branching enzymes in plants starch branching enzyme I (SBE I) and starch branching enzyme II (SBE II), and both are about 85 kDa in size. At the nucleic acid level there is about 65% sequence identity between types I and II in the central portion of the molecules; the sequence identity between SBE I from different cereals is about 85% overall (Burton et al, 1995; Morell et al, 1995).

In cereals, SBE I genes have so far been reported only for rice (Kawasaki et al, 1991; Rahman et al, 1997). A cDNA sequence for wheat SBE I is available on the GenBank database (Accession No. Y12320; Repellin A., Nair R. B., Baga M., and Chibbar R. N.: Plant Gene Register PGR97-094, 1997). As far as we are aware, no promoter sequence for wheat SBE I has been reported.

We have characterised an SBE I gene, designated WSBE I-D2, from Triticum tauschii, the donor of the D genome to wheat (Rahman et al, 1997). This gene encoded a protein sequence which had a deletion of approximately 65 amino acids at the C-terminal end, and appeared not to contain some of the conserved amino acid motifs characteristic of this class of enzyme (Svensson, 1994). Although WSBE I-D2 was expressed as mRNA, no corresponding protein has yet been found in our analysis of SBE I isoforms from the endosperm, and thus it is possible that this gene is a transcribed pseudogene.

Genes for SBE II are less well characterised; no genomic sequences are available, although SBE II cDNAs from rice (Mizuno et al, 1993; Accession No. D16201) and maize (Fisher et al, 1993; Accession No. L08065) have been reported. In addition, a cDNA sequence for SBE II from wheat is available on the GenBank database (Nair et al, 1997; Accession No. Y11282); although the sequences are very similar to those reported herein, there are differences near the N-terminal of the protein, which specifies its intracellular location. No promoter sequences have been reported, as far as we are aware.

Wheat granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) is responsible for amylose synthesis, while wheat branching enzymes together with soluble starch synthases are considered to be directly involved in amylopectin biosynthesis. A number of isoforms of soluble and granule-bound starch synthases have been identified in developing wheat endosperm (Denyer et al, 1995). There are three distinct isoforms of starch synthases, 60 kDa, 75-77 kDa and 100-105 kDa, which exist in the starch granules (Denyer et al, 1995; Rahman et al, 1995). The 60 kDa GBSS is the product of the wx gene. The 75-77 kDa protein is a wheat soluble starch synthase I (SSSI) which is present in both the soluble fraction and the starch granule-bound fraction of the endosperm. However, the 100-105 kDa proteins, which are another type of soluble starch synthase, are located only in starch granules (Denyer et al, 1995; Rahman et al, 1995). To our knowledge there has been no report of any complete wheat SSS I sequence, either at the protein or the nucleotide level.

Both cDNA and genomic DNA encoding a soluble starch synthase I of rice have been cloned and analysed (Baba et al, 1993; Tanaka et al, 1995). The cDNAs encoding potato soluble starch synthase SSSII and SSSIII and pea soluble starch synthase SSSII have also been reported (Edwards et al, 1995; Marshall et al, 1996; Dry et al, 1992). However, corresponding full length cDNA sequences for wheat have hitherto not been available, although a partial cDNA sequence (Accession No. U48227) has been released to the GenBank database.

Approach (b) referred to above has been demonstrated for the gene for granule-bound starch synthase.

Null alleles on chromosomes 7A, 7D and 4A were identified by the analysis of GBSS protein bands by electrophoresis, and combined by plant breeding to produce a wheat line containing no GBSS, and no amylose (Nakamura et al, 1995). Subsequently, PCR-based DNA markers have been identified, which also identify null alleles for the GBSS loci on each of the three wheat genomes. Despite the availability of a considerable amount of information in the prior art, major problems remain. Firstly, the presence of three separate sets of chromosomes in wheat makes genetic analysis in this species extraordinarily complex. This is further complicated by the fact that a number of enzymes are involved in starch synthesis, and each of these enzymes is itself present in a number of forms, and in a number of locations within the plant cell. Little, if any, information has been available as to which specific form of each enzyme is expressed in endosperm. For wheat, a limited amount of nucleic acid sequence information is available, but this is only cDNA sequence; no genomic sequence, and consequently no information regarding promoters and other control sequences, is available. Without being able to demonstrate that the endosperm-specific gene within a family has been isolated, such sequence information is of limited practical usefulness.

SUMMARY OF THE INTENTION

In this application we report the isolation and identification of novel genes from T. tauschii, the D-genome donor of wheat, that encode SBE I, SBE II, a 75 kDa SSS I, and an isoamylase-type debranching enzyme (DBE). Because of the very close relationship between T. tauschii and wheat, as discussed above, results obtained with T. tauschii can be directly applied to wheat with little if any modification. Such modification as may be required represents routine trial and error experimentation. Sequences from these genes can be used as probes to identify null or altered alleles in wheat, which can then be used in plant breeding programmes to provide modifications of starch characteristics. The novel sequences of the invention can be used in genetic engineering strategies or to introduce a desired gene into a host plant, to provide antisense sequences for suppression of one or more specific genes in a host plant, in order to modify the characteristics of starch produced by the plant.

By using T. tauschii, we have been able to examine a single genome, rather than three as in wheat, and to identify and isolate the forms of the starch synthesis genes which are expressed in endosperm. By addressing genomic sequences we have been able to isolate tissue-specific promoters for the relevant genes, which provides a mechanism for simultaneous manipulation of a number of genes in the endosperm. Because T. tauschii is so closely related to wheat, results obtained with this model system are directly applicable to wheat, and we have confirmed this experimentally. The genomic sequences which we have determined can also be used as probes for the identification and isolation of corresponding sequences, including promoter sequences, from other cereal plant species.

In its most general aspect, the invention provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme of the starch biosynthetic pathway in a cereal plant, said enzyme being selected from the group consisting of starch branching enzyme I, starch branching enzyme II, starch soluble synthase I, and debranching enzyme, with the proviso that the enzyme is not soluble starch synthase I of rice, or starch branching enzyme I of rice or maize.

Preferably the nucleic acid sequence is a DNA sequence, and may be genomic DNA or cDNA. Preferably the sequence is one which is functional in wheat. More preferably the sequence is derived from a Triticum species, most preferably Triticum tauschii.

Where the sequence encodes soluble starch synthase, preferably the sequence encodes the 75 kD soluble starch synthase of wheat.

Biologically-active untranslated control sequences of genomic DNA are also within the scope of the invention. Thus the invention also provides the promoter of an enzyme as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, a biologically-active fragment thereof, or a fragment thereof encoding a biologically-active fragment of an enzyme as defined above, operably linked to one or more nucleic acid sequences facilitating expression of said enzyme in a plant, preferably a cereal plant. The construct may be a plasmid or a vector, preferably one suitable for use in the transformation of a plant. A particularly suitable vector is a bacterium of the genus Agrobacterium, preferably Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Methods of transforming cereal plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens are known; see for example Australian Patent No. 667939 by Japan Tobacco Inc., International Patent Application Number PCT/US97/10621 by Monsanto Company and Tingay et al (1997).

In a second aspect, the invention provides a nucleic acid construct for targeting of a desired gene to endosperm of a cereal plant, and/or for modulating the time of expression of a desired gene in endosperm of a cereal plant, comprising one or more promoter sequences selected from SBE I promoter, SBE II promoter, SSS I promoter, and DBE promoter, operatively linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a desired protein, and optionally also operatively linked to one or more additional targeting sequences and/or one or more 3′ untranslated sequences.

The nucleic acid encoding the desired protein may be in either the sense orientation or in the antisense orientation. Preferably the desired protein is an enzyme of the starch biosynthetic pathway. For example, the antisense sequences of GBSS, starch debranching enzyme, SBE II, low molecular weight glutenin, or grain softness protein I, may be used. Preferred sequences for use in sense orientation include those of bacterial isoamylase, bacterial glycogen synthase, or wheat high molecular weight glutenin Bx17. It is contemplated that any desired protein which is encoded by a gene which is capable of being expressed in the endosperm of a cereal plant is suitable for use in the invention.

In a third aspect, the invention provides a method of modifying the characteristics of starch produced by a plant, comprising the step of:

-   -   (a) introducing a gene encoding a desired enzyme of the starch         biosynthetic pathway into a host plant, and/or     -   (b) introducing an anti-sense nucleic acid sequence directed to         a gene encoding an enzyme of the starch biosynthetic pathway         into a host plant,     -   wherein said enzymes are as defined above.

Where both steps (a) and (b) are used, the enzymes in the two steps are different.

Preferably the plant is a cereal plant, more preferably wheat or barley.

As is well known in the art, anti-sense sequences can be used to suppress expression of the protein to which the anti-sense sequence is complementary. It will be evident to the person skilled in the art that different combinations of sense and anti-sense sequences may be chosen so as to effect a variety of different modifications of the characteristics of the starch produced by the plant.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides a method of targeting expression of a desired gene to the endosperm of a cereal plant, comprising the step of transforming the plant with a construct according to the invention.

According to a fifth aspect, the invention provides a method of modulating the time of expression of a desired gene in endosperm of a cereal plant, comprising the step of transforming the plant with a construct according to the second aspect of the invention.

Where expression at an early stage following anthesis is desired, the construct preferably comprises the SBE II, SSS I or DBE promoters. Where expression at a later stage following anthesis is desired, the construct preferably comprises the SBE I promoter.

While the invention is described in detail in relation to wheat, it will be clearly understood that it is also applicable to other cereal plants of the family Gramineae, such as maize, barley and rice.

Methods for transformation of monocotyledonous plants such as wheat, maize, barley and rice and for regeneration of plants from protoplasts or immature plant embryos are well known in the art. See for example Lazzeri et al, 1991; Jahne et al, 1991 and Wan and Lemaux, 1994 for barley; Wirtzens et al, 1997; Tingay et al, 1997; Canadian Patent Application No. 2092588 by Nehra; Australian Patent Application No. 61781/94 by National Research Council of Canada, Australian Patent No. 667939 by Japan Tobacco Co, and International Patent Application Number PCT/US97/10621 by Monsanto Company.

The sequences of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase from barley (Australian Patent Application No. 65392/94), starch debranching enzyme and its promoter from rice (Japanese Patent Publication No. Kokai 6261787 and Japanese Patent Publication No. Kokai 5317057), and starch debranching enzyme from spinach and potato (Australian Patent Application No. 44333/96) are all known.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described in detail by reference only to the following non-limiting examples andto the figures.

FIG. 1 shows the hybridisation of genomic clones isolated from T. tauschii.

DNA was extracted from the different clones, digested with BamHI and hybridised with the 5′ end of the maize SBE I cDNA. Lanes 1, 2, 3 and 4 correspond to DNA from clones λE1, λE2, λE6 and λE7 respectively. Note that clones λE1 and λE2 give identical patterns, the SBE I gene in λE6 is a truncated form of that in λE1, and λE7 gives a clearly different pattern.

FIG. 2 shows the hybridisation of DNA from T. tauschii.

DNA from T. tauschii was digested with BamHI and the hybridisation pattern compared with DNA from λE1 and λE7 digested with the same enzyme. Fragment E1.1 (see FIG. 3) from λE1 was used as the probe; it contains some sequences that are over 80% identical to sequences in E7.8. Approximately 25 μg of T. tauschii DNA was electrophoresed in lane 1, and 200 pg each of λE1 and λE7 in lanes 2 and 3, respectively.

FIG. 3 shows the restriction maps of clone λE1 and λE7. The fragments obtained with EcoRI and BamHI are indicated. The fragments sequenced from λE1 are E1.1, E1.2, a part of E1.7 and a part of E1.5.

FIG. 4 shows the comparison of deduced amino acid sequence of wSBE I-D4 cDNA with the deduced amino acid sequence of rice SBE I (RSBE I; Nakamura et al, 1992), maize SBE I (MSBE I; Baba et al, 1991), WSBE I-D2 type cDNA (D2 cDNA; Rahman et al, 1997), pea SBE II (PESBE II, homologous to maize SBE I; Burton et al, 1995), and potato SBE I (POSBE; Cangiano et al, 1993). The deduced amino acid sequence of the WSBE I-D4 cDNA is denoted by “D4cDNA”. Residues present in at least three of the sequences are identified in the consensus sequence in capitals.

FIG. 5 shows the intron-exon structure of WSBE I-D4 compared to the corresponding structures of rice SBE I (Kawasaki et al, 1993) and WSBE I-D2 (Rahman et al, 1997). The intron-exon structure of WSBE I-D4 is deduced by comparison with the SBE I cDNA reported by Repellin et al (1997).

The dark rectangles correspond to exons and the light rectangles correspond to introns. The bars above the structures indicate the percentage identity in sequence between the indicated exons and introns of the relevant genes. Note that intron 2 shares no significant sequence identity and is not indicated.

FIG. 6 shows the nucleotide sequence of part of wSBE I-D4, the amino acid sequence deduced from this nucleotide sequence, and the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the SBE I purified from the wheat endosperm (Morell et al, 1997).

FIG. 7 shows the hybridisation of SBE I genomic clones with the following probes,

-   -   A. wSBE I-D45 (derived from the 5′ end of the gene and including         sequence from fragments E1.1 and E1.7), and     -   B. wSBE I-D43 (derived from the 3′ end of the gene and         containing sequences from fragment E1.5). For panel A, the         tracks 1-13 correspond to clones λE1, λE2, λE6, λE7, λE9, λE14,         λE22, λE27, Molecular weight markers, λE29, λE30, λE31 and λE52.         For panel B, tracks 1-12 correspond to clones λE1, λE2, λE6,         λE7, λE9, λE14, λE22, λE27, λE29, λE30, λE31 and λE52. Note that         clones λE7 and λE22 do not hybridise to either of the probes and         are WSBE I-D2 type genes. Also note that clone λE30 contains a         sequence unrelated to SBE I. The size of the molecular weight         markers in kb is indicated. Clones λE7 and λE22 do hybridise         with a probe from E1.1. which is highly conserved between wSBE         I-D2 and wSBE I-D4.

FIG. 8 shows the alignment of cDNA clones to obtain the sequence represented by wSBE I-D4 cDNA. BED4 and BED5 were obtained from screening the cDNA library with maize BEI (Baba et al, 1991). BED1, 2 and 3 were obtained by RT-PCR using defined primers.

FIG. 9 a shows the expression of Soluble Starch Synthase I (SSS), Starch Branching Enzyme I (BE I) and Starch Branching Enzyme II (BE II) mRNAs during endosperm development.

RNA was purified from leaves, florets prior to anthesis, and endosperm of wheat cultivar Rosella grown in a glasshouse, collected 5 to 8 days after anthesis, 10 to 15 days after anthesis and 18 to 22 days after anthesis, and from the endosperm of wheat cultivar Rosella grown in the field and collected 12, 15 and 18 days after anthesis respectively. Equivalent amounts of RNA were electrophoresed in each lane. The probes were from the coding region of the SM2 SSS I cDNA (from nucleotide 1615 to 1919 of the SM2 cDNA sequence); wSBE I-D43C (see Table I), which corresponds to the untranslated 3′ end of wSBE I-D4 cDNA (E1 (3′; and the 5′ region of SBE9 (SBE9 (5′), corresponding to the region between nucleotides 743 to 1004 of Genbank sequence Y11282. No hybridisation to RNA extracted from leaves or preanthesis florets was detected.

FIG. 9 b shows the hybridisation of RNA from the endosperm of the hexaploid T. aestivum cultivar “Gabo” with the starch branching enzyme I gene. The probe, wSBEI-D43, is defined in Table 1.

FIG. 9 c shows the hybridisation of RNA from the endosperm of the hexaploid T. aestivum cultivar “Wyuna” with the starch branching enzyme II gene. The probe, WSBE II-D13, is defined in Table 2.

FIG. 9 d shows the hybridisation of RNA from the endosperm of the hexaploid T. aestivum cultivar “Gabo” with the SSS I gene. The probe spanned the region from nucleotides 2025 to 2497 of the SM2 cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID No:11.

FIG. 9 e shows the hybridisation of RNA from the endosperm of the hexaploid T. aestivum cultivar “Gabo” with the DBE I gene. The probe, a DBE3′ 3′PCR fragment, extends from nucleotide position 281 to 1072 of the cDNA sequence in SEQ ID No:16.

FIG. 9 f shows the hybridisation of RNA from the endosperm of the hexaploid T. aestivum cultivar “Gabo” with the wheat actin gene. The probe was a wheat actin DNA sequence generated by PCR from wheat endosperm cDNA using primers to conserved plant actin sequences.

FIG. 9 g shows the hybridisation of RNA from the endosperm of the hexaploid T. aestivum cultivar “Gabo” with a probe containing wheat ribosomal RNA 26S and 18S fragments (plasmid pta250.2 from Dr Bryan Clarke, CSIRO Plant Industry).

FIG. 9 h shows the hybridisation of RNA from the hexaploid wheat cultivar “Gabo” with the DBE I probe described in FIG. 9 e. Lane 1; leaf RNA; lane 2, pre-anthesis floret RNA; lane 3, RNA from endosperm harvested 12 days after anthesis.

FIG. 10 shows the comparison of wSBE I-D4 (sr 427.res ck: 6,362,1 to 11,099) and rice SBE I genomic sequence (d10838.em_pl ck: 3,071,1 to 11,700)(Kawasaki et al, 1993; Accession Number D10838) using the programs Compares and DotPlot (Devereaux et al, 1984). The programs used a window of 21 bases with a stringency of 14 to register a dot.

FIG. 11 shows the hybridisation of wheat DNA from chromosome-engineered lines using the following probes:

-   -   A. wSBE I-D45 (from the 5′ end of the gene),     -   B. WSBE I-D43 (from the 3′ end of the gene), and     -   C. WSBE I-D4R (repetitive sequence approximately 600 bp 3′ to         the end of WSBE I-D4 sequence.     -   N7AT7B, no 7A chromosome, four copies of 7B chromosome; N7BT7D,         no 7B chromosome, four copies of 7D chromosome; NTDT7A, no 7D         chromosome, four copies of 7A chromosome. The chromosomal origin         of hybridising bands is indicated.

FIG. 12 shows the hybridisation of genomic clones F1, F2, F3 and F4 with the entire SBE-9 sequence. The DNA from the clones was purified and digested with either BamHI or EcoRI, separated on agarose, blotted onto nitrocellulose and hybridised with labelled SBE-9 (a SBE II type cDNA). The pattern of hybridising bands is different in the four isolates.

FIG. 13 a shows the N-terminal sequence of purified SBE II from wheat endosperm as in Morell et al, (1997).

FIG. 13 b shows the deduced amino acid sequence from part of wSBE II-D1 that encodes the N-terminal sequence as described in Morell et al, (1997).

FIG. 14 shows the deduced exon-intron structure for a part of WSBE II-D1. The scale is marked in bases. The dark rectangles are exons.

FIG. 15 shows the hybridisation of DNA from chromosome engineered lines of wheat (cultivar Chinese Spring) with a probe from nucleotides 550-850 from SBE-9.

The band of approximately 2.2 kb is missing in the line in which chromosome 2D is absent.

-   -   T2BN2A: four copies of chromosome 2B, no copies of chromosome         2A;     -   T2AN2B: four copies of chromosome 2A, no copies of chromosome         2B;     -   T2AN2D: four copies of chromosome 2A, no copies of chromosome         2D.

FIG. 16 shows the N-terminal sequence of SSS I protein isolated from starch granules (Rahman et al, 1995) and deduced amino acid sequence of part of Sm2.

FIG. 17 shows the hybridisation of genomic clones sg1, 3, 4, 6 and 11 with the cDNA clone (sm2) for SSS I. DNA was purified from indicated genomic clones, digested with BamHI or SacI and hybridised to sm2. Note that the hybridisation patterns for sg1, 3 and 4 are clearly different from each other.

FIG. 18 shows a comparison of the intron/exon structures of the wheat and rice soluble starch synthase genomic sequences. The dark rectangles indicate exons and the light rectangles represent introns.

FIG. 19 shows the hybridisation of DNA from chromosome engineered lines of wheat (cultivar Chinese Spring) digested with PvuII, with the sm2 probe.

-   -   N7AT7B: no 7A chromosome, four copies of 7B chromosome;     -   N7BT7D: no 7B chromosome, four copies of 7D chromosome;     -   N7DT7A: no 7D chromosome, four copies of 7A chromosome.

A band is missing in the N7BT7A line.

FIG. 20 a shows the DNA sequence of a portion of the wheat debranching enzyme (WDBE-1) PCR product. The PCR product was generated from wheat genomic DNA (cultivar Rosella) using primers based on sequences conserved in debranching enzymes from maize and rice.

FIG. 20 b shows a comparison of the nucleotide sequence of wheat debranching enzyme I (WDBE-1) PCR fragment (WHEAT.DNA) with the maize Sugary-1 sequence (SUGARY.DNA).

FIG. 20 c shows a comparison between the intron/exon structures of wheat debranching enzyme gene and the maize sugary-1 debranching enzyme gene.

FIG. 21 a shows the results of Southern blotting of T. tauschii DNA with wheat DBE-I PCR product. DNA from T. tauschii was digested with BamHI, electrophoresed, blotted and hybridised to the wheat DBE-I PCR product described in FIG. 20 a. A band of approximately 2 kb hybridised.

FIG. 21 b shows Chinese Spring nullisomic/tetrasomic lines probed with probes from the DBE gene. Panel (I) shows hybridisation with a fragment spanning the region from nucleotide 270 to 465 of the cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID No:16 from the central region of the DBE gene. Panel (II) shows hybridisation with a probe from the 3′ region of the gene, from nucleotide 281 to 1072 of the cDNA sequence given in SEQ ID No-16.

FIGS. 22 a to 22 e show diagrammatic representations of the DNA vectors used for transient expression analysis. In each of the sequences the N-terminal methionine encoding ATG codon is shown in bold.

FIG. 22 a shows a DNA construct pwsssIpro1gfpNOT containing a 1042 base pair region of the wheat soluble starch synthase I promoter (wSSSIpro1, from −1042 to −1, SEQ ID No:18) fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene.

FIG. 22 b shows a DNA construct pwsssIpro2gfpNOT containing a 3914 base pair region of the wheat soluble starch synthase I promoter (wSSSIpro2, from −3914 to −1, SEQ ID No:18) fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene.

FIG. 22 c shows a DNA construct psbeIIpro1gfpNOT containing an 1203 base pair region of the wheat starch branching enzyme II promoter (sbeIIpro1, from 1 to 1023 SEQ ID No:10 fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene.

FIG. 22 d shows a DNA construct psbeIIpro2gfpNOT containing a 1353 base pair region of the wheat starch branching enzyme II promoter and transit peptide coding region (sbeIIpro2, regions 1-1203, 1204 to 1336 and 1664 to 1680 of SEQ ID No:10 fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene.

FIG. 22 e shows a DNA construct pact_jsgfg_nos containing the plasmid backbone of pSP72 (Promega), the rice ActI actin promoter (McElroy et al. 1991), the GFP gene (Sheen et al. 1995) and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase (nos) terminator (Bevan et al. 1983).

FIG. 23 shows T DNA constructs for stable transformation of rice by Agrobacterium. The backbone for each plasmid is p35SH-iC (Wang et al 1997). The various promoter-GFP-Nos regions inserted are shown in (a), (b), (c) and (d) respectively, and are described in detail in Example 24. Each of these constructs was inserted into the NotI site of p35SH-iC using the NotI flanking sites at each end of the promoter-GFP-Nos regions. The constructs were named (a) p35SH-iC-BEIIpro1_GFP_Nos, (b) p35SH-iC-BEIIpro2_GFP_Nos (c) p35SH-iC-SSIpro1_GFP_Nos and (d) p35SH-iC-SSIpro2GFP_Nos

FIG. 24 illustrates the design of 15 intron-spanning BE II primer sets. Primers were based on wSBE II-D1 sequence (SEQ ID No:10), and were designed such that intron sequences in the wSBE II-DL sequence (deduced from FIG. 13 b and Nair et al, 1997; Accession No. Y11282) were amplified by PCR.

FIG. 25 shows the results of amplification using the SBE II-Intron 5 primer set (primer set 6: sr913F and WBE2E6 R) on various diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats.

-   -   i) T. boeodicum (A genome diploid)     -   ii) T. tauschii (D genome diploid)     -   iii) T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring ditelosomic line 2AS         (lacking chromosome arm 2AL)     -   iv) Crete 10 (AABB tetraploid)     -   v) T. aestivum cv Rosella (hexaploid)

The horizontal axis indicates the size of the product in base pairs, the vertical axis shows arbitrary fluorescence units. The various arrows indicate the products of different genomes: A, A genome, B, B genome, D, D genome, U, unassigned additional product.

FIG. 26 shows the results obtained by amplification using the SBE II-Intron 10 primer set (primer set 11: da5.seq and WBE2E11R on the wheat lines:

-   -   (i) T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring ditelosomic line 2AS.     -   (ii) T. aestivum Chinese Spring nullisomic/tetrasomic line         N2BT2A.     -   (iii) T. aestivum Chinese Spring nullisomic/tetrasomic line         N2DT2B.

The horizontal axis indicates the size of the product in base pairs, the vertical axis shows arbitrary fluorescence units. The various arrows indicate the products of different genomes: A, A genome, B, B genome, D, D genome.

FIG. 27 shows the results of transient expression assays typical of each promoter and target tissue. The photographs (40× magnification) of representative tissue resulting from the transient expression assays typical of each promoter and target tissue revealed under a Leica microscope with blue light illumination. Photographs were taken 48 to 72 hours after tissue bombardment. The promoter constructs are listed as follows, (with the panels showing endosperm, embryo and leaf expression listed in respective order): pact_jsgfp_nos (panels a, g and m); pwsssIpro1gfpNOT (panels b, h and n); pwsssIpro2gfpNOT (panels c, i and o); psbeIIpro1gfpNOT (panels d, j and p); psbeIIpro2gfpNOT (panels e, k and q); pZLgfpNOT (Panels f, l and r).

EXAMPLE 1 Identification of Gene Encoding SBE I

Construction of Genomic Library and Isolation of Clones

The genomic library used in this study was constructed from Triticum tauschii, var. strangulata, accession number CPI 100799. Of all the accessions of T. tauschii surveyed, the genome of CPI 100799 is the most closely related to the D genome of hexaploid wheat.

Triticum tauschii, var strangulata (CPI accession number 110799) was kindly provided by Dr E Lagudah. Leaves were isolated from plants grown in the glasshouse.

DNA was extracted from leaves of Triticum tauschii using published methods (Lagudah et al, 1991), partially digested with Sau3A, size fractionated and ligated to the arms of lambda GEM 12 (Promega). The ligated products were used to transfect the methylation-tolerant strain PMC 103 (Doherty et al. 1992). A total of 2×10⁶ primary plaques were obtained with an average insert size of about 15 kb. Thus the library contains approximately 6 genomes worth of T. tauschii DNA. The library was amplified and stored at 4° C. until required.

Positive plaques in the genomic library were selected as those hybridising with the 5′ end of a maize starch branching enzyme I cDNA (Baba et al, 1991) using moderately stringent conditions as described in Rahman et al, (1997).

Preparation of Total RNA from Wheat

Total RNA was isolated from leaves, pre-anthesis pericarp and different developmental stages of wheat endosperm of the cultivar, Hartog and Rosella. This material was collected from both the glasshouse and the field. The method used for RNA isolation was essentially the same as that described by Higgins et al (1976). RNA was then quantified by UV absorption and by separation in 1.4% agarose-formaldehyde gels which were then visualized under UV light after staining with ethidium bromide (Sambrook et al, 1989).

DNA and RNA Analysis

DNA was isolated and analysed using established protocols (Sambrook et al, 1989). DNA was extracted from wheat (cv. Chinese Spring) using published methods (Lagudah et al, 1991). Southern analysis was performed essentially as described by Jolly et al (1996). Briefly, 20 μg wheat DNA was digested, electrophoresed and transferred to a nylon membrane. Hybridisation was conducted at 42° C. in 25% or 50% formamide, 2×SSC, 6% Dextran Sulphate for 16 h and the membrane was washed at 60° C. in 2×SSC for 3×1 h unless otherwise indicated. Hybridisation was detected by autoradiography using Fuji X-Omat film.

RNA analysis was performed as follows. 10 μg of total RNA was separated in a 1.4% agarose-formaldehyde gel and transferred to a nylon HybondN⁺ membrane (Sambrook et al, 1989), and hybridized with cDNA probe at 42° C. in Khandjian hybridizing buffer (Khandjian, 1989). The 3′ part of wheat SBE I cDNA (designated wSBE I-D43, see Table 1) was labelled with the Rapid Multiprime DNA Probe Labelling Kit (Amersham) and used as probe. After washing at 60° C. with 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS three times, each time for about 1 to 2 hours, the membrane was visualized by overnight exposure at −80° C. with X-ray film, Kodak MR.

EXAMPLE 2 Frequency of Recovery of SBE I Type Clones from the Genomic Library

An estimated 2×10⁶ plaques from the amplified library were screened using an EcoRI fragment that contained 1200 bp at the 5′ end of maize SBE I (Baba et al, 1991) and twelve independent isolates were recovered and purified. This corresponds to the screening of somewhat fewer than the 2×10⁶ primary plaques that exist in the original library (each of which has an average insert size of 15 kb) (Maniatis et al, 1982), because the amplification may lead to the representation of some sequences more than others. Assuming that the amplified library contains approximately three genomes of T. tauschii, the frequency with which SBE I-positive clones were recovered suggests the existence of about 5 copies of SBE I type genes within the T. tauschii genome.

Digestion of DNA from the twelve independent isolates by the restriction endonuclease BamHI followed by hybridisation with a maize SBE I clone, suggested that the genomic clones could be separated into two broad classes (FIG. 1). One class had 10 members and a representative from this class is the clone λE1 (FIG. 1, lane 1); λE6 (FIG. 1, lane 3) is a member of this class, but is missing the 5′ end of the E1-SBE I gene because the SBE I gene is at the extremity of the cloned DNA. Further hybridisation studies at high stringency with the extreme 5′ and 3′ regions of the SBE I gene contained in λE1 suggested that the other clones contained either identical or very closely related genes.

The second family had two members, and of these clone λE7 (FIG. 1, lane 4) was arbitrarily selected for further study. These two members did not hybridise to probes from the extreme 5′ and 3′ regions of the SBE I gene that were contained in λE1, indicating that they were a distinct sub-class.

The DNA from T. tauschii and the lambda clones λE1 and λE7 was digested with BamHI and hybridised with fragment E1.1, as shown in FIG. 2. This fragment contains sequences that are highly conserved (85% sequence identity over 0.3 kB between λE1 and λE7), corresponding to exons 3, 4 and 5 of the rice gene. The bands in the genomic DNA at 0.8 kb and 1.0 kb correspond to identical sized fragments from λE1 and λE7, as shown in FIG. 2; these are fragments E1.1 and E7.8 of λE1 and λE7 genomic clones respectively. Thus the arrangement of genes in the genomic clones is unlikely to be an artefact of the cloning procedure. There are also bands in the genomic DNA of approximately 2.5 kb, 4.8 kb and 8 kb in size which are not found from the digestion of λE1 or λE7; these could represent genes such as the 5′ sequences of wSBE I-D1 or wSBE I-D3; see below.

EXAMPLE 3 Tandem Arrangement of SBE I Type Genes in the T. tauschii Genome

Basic restriction endonuclease maps for λE1 and λE7 are shown in FIG. 3. The map was constructed by performing a series of hybridisations of EcoRI or BamHI digested DNA from λE1 or λE7. The probes used were the fragments generated from BamHI digestion of the relevant clone. Confirmation of the maps was obtained by PCR analysis, using primers both within the insert and also from the arms of lambda itself. PCR was performed in 10 λl volume using reagents supplied by Perkin-Elmer. The primers were used at a concentration of 20 λM. The program used was 94° C., 2 min, 1 cycle, then 94° C., 30 sec; 55° C., 30 sec; 72° C., 1 min for 36 cycles and then 72° C., 5 min; 25° C., 1 min.

Sequencing was performed on an ABI sequencer using the manufacturer's recommended protocols for both dye primer and dye terminator technologies. Deletions were carried out using the Erase-a-base kit from Promega.

Sequence analysis was carried out using the GCG version 7 package of computer programs (Devereaux et al, 1984).

The PCR products were also used as hybridisation probes. The positioning of the genes was derived from sequencing the ends of the BamHI subclones and also from sequencing PCR products generated from primers based on the insert and the lambda arms. The results indicate that there is only a single copy of a SBE I type gene within λE1. However, it is clear that λE7 resulted from the cloning of a DNA fragment from within a tandem array of the SBE I type genes. Of the three genes in the clone, which are named as wSBE I-D1, wSBE I-D2 and wSBE I-D3); only the central one (wSBE I-D2) is complete.

EXAMPLE 4 Construction and Screening of cDNA Library

A wheat cDNA library was constructed from the cultivar Rosella using pooled RNA from endosperm at 8, 12, 18 and 20 days after anthesis.

The cDNA library was prepared from poly A⁺ RNA that was extracted from developing wheat grains (cv. Rosella, a hexaploid soft wheat cultivar) at 8, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 30 days after anthesis. The RNA was pooled and used to synthesise cDNA that was propagated in lambda ZapII (Stratagene).

The library was screened with a genomic fragment from λE7 encompassing exons 3, 4 and 5 (fragment E7.8 in FIG. 3). A number of clones were isolated. Of these an apparently full-length clone appeared to encode an unusual type of cDNA for SBE I. This cDNA has been termed SBE I-D2 type cDNA. The putative protein product is compared with the maize SBE I and rice SBE I type deduced amino acid sequences in FIG. 4. The main difference is that this putative protein product is shorter at the C-terminal end, with an estimated molecular size of approximately 74 kD compared with 85 kDa for rice SBE I (Kawasaki et al, 1993). Note that amino acids corresponding to exon 9 of rice are missing in SBE I-D2 type cDNA, but those corresponding to exon 10 are present. There are no amino acid residues corresponding to exons 11-14 of rice; furthermore, the sequence corresponding to the last 57 amino acids of SBE I-D2 type has no significant homology to the sequence of the rice gene.

We expressed SBE I-D2 type cDNA in E. coli in order to examine its function. The cDNA was expressed as a fusion protein with 22 N-terminal residues of β-galacto-sidase and two threonine residues followed by the SBE I-D2 cDNA sequence either in or out of frame. Although an expected product of about 75 kDa in size was produced from only the in-frame fusion, we could not detect any enzyme activity from crude extracts of E. coli protein. Furthermore the in-frame construct could not complement an E. coli strain with a defined deletion in glycogen branching, although other putative branching enzyme cDNAs have been shown to be functional by this assay (data not shown). It is therefore unclear whether the WSBE I-D2 gene in λE7 codes for an active enzyme in vivo.

EXAMPLE 5 Gene Structure in E7

i. Sequence of WSBE I-D2

We sequenced 9.2 kb of DNA that contained wSBE I-D2. This corresponds to fragments 7.31, 7.8 and 7.18. Fragment 7.31 was sequenced in its entirety (4.1 kb), but the sequence of about 30 bases about 2 kb upstream of the start of the gene could not be obtained because it was composed entirely of Gs. Elevation of the temperature of sequencing did not overcome this problem. Fragments 7.8 (1 kb) and 7.18 (4 kb) were completely sequenced, and corresponded to 2 kb downstream of the last exon detected for this gene. It was clear that we had isolated a gene which was closely related (approximately 95% sequence identity) to the SBE I-D2 type cDNA referred to above, except that the last 200 bp at the 3′ end of the cDNA are not present. The wSBE I-D2 gene includes sequences corresponding to rice exon 11 which are not in the cDNA clone. In addition it does not have exons 9, 12, 13 or 14; these are also absent from the SBE I-D2 type cDNA. The first two exons show lower identity to the corresponding exons from rice (approximately 60%) (Kawasaki et al, 1993) than to the other exons (about 80%). A diagrammatic exon-intron structure of the WSBE I-D2 gene is indicated in FIG. 5. The restriction map was confirmed by sequencing the PCR products that spanned fragments 7.18 and 7.8 and 7.8 and E7.31 (see FIG. 3) respectively.

ii. Sequence of wSBE I-D3

This gene was not sequenced in detail, as the genomic clone did not extend far enough to include the 5′ end of the sequence. The sequence is of a SBE-I type. The orientation of the gene is evident from sequencing of the relevant BamHI fragments, and was confirmed by sequence analysis of a PCR product generated using primers from the right arm of lambda and a primer from the middle of the gene. The sequence homology with wSBEI-D2 is about 80% over the regions examined. The 2 kb sequenced corresponded to exons 5 and 6 of the rice gene; these sequences were obtained by sequencing the ends of fragments 7.5, 7.4 and 7.14 respectively, although the sequences from the left end of fragment 7.14 did not show any homology to the rice sequences. The gene does not appear to share the 3′ end of SBE I-D2 type cDNA, as a probe from 500 bp at the 3′ end of the cDNA (including sequences corresponding to exons 8 and 10 from rice) did not hybridise to fragment 7.14, although it hybridised to fragment 7.18.

iii. Sequence of WSBE I-D1

This gene was also not sequenced in detail, as it was clear that the genomic clone did not extend far enough to include the 5′ sequences. Limited sequencing suggests that it is also a SBE I type gene. The orientation relative to the left arm of lambda was confirmed by sequencing a PCR product that used a primer from the left arm of lambda and one from the middle of the gene (as above). Its sequence homology with wSBE I-D2,D3 and D4 (see below) is about 75% in the region sequenced corresponding to a part of exon 4 of the rice gene.

Starch branching enzymes are members of the α-amylase protein family, and in a recent survey Svensson (1994) identified eight residues in this family that are invariant, seven in the catalytic site and a glycine in a short turn. Of the seven catalytic residues, four are changed in SBE I-D2 type. However, additional variation in the ‘conserved’ residues may come to light when more plant cDNAs for branching enzyme I are available for analysis. In addition, although exons 9, 11, 12, 13 and 14 from rice are not present in the SBE I-D2 type cDNA, comparison of the maize and rice SBE I sequences indicate that the 3′ region (from amino acid residue 730 of maize) is much more variable than the 5′ and central regions. The active sites of rice and maize SBE I sequences, as indicated by Svensson (1994), are encoded by sequences that are in the central portion of the gene. When SBE II sequences from Arabidopsis were compared by Fisher et al (1996) they also found variation at the 3′ and 5′ ends. SBE I-D2 type cDNA may encode a novel type of branching enzyme whose activity is not adequately detected in the current assays for detecting branching enzyme activity; alternatively the cDNA may correspond to an endosperm mRNA that does not produce a functional protein.

EXAMPLE 6 Cloning of the cDNA Corresponding to the wSBE I-D4 gene

The first strand cDNAs were synthesized from 1 μg of total RNA, derived from endosperm 12 days after pollination, as described by Sambrook et al (1989), and then used as templates to amplify two specific cDNA regions of wheat SBE I by PCR.

Two pairs of primers were used to obtain the cDNA clones BED1 and BED3 (Table 1). Primers used for cloning of BED3 were the degenerate primer NTS5′ 5′ GGC NAC NGC NGA G/AGA C/TGG 3′, (SEQ ID NO. 1)

based on the N-terminal sequence of the purified wheat endosperm SBE I protein, in which the 5′ end of the primer is at position 168 of WSBE I-D4 cDNA, as shown in Table 1, based on the N-terminal sequence of wheat SBE I, and the primer NTS3′. 5′ TAC ATT TCC TTG TCC ATCA 3′ (SEQ ID NO. 2)

in which the 5′ end is at position 1590 of wSBE I-D4 cDNA, (see Table 1), designed to anneal to the conserved regions of the nucleotide sequences of BED5 and the maize and rice SBE I cDNAs. For clone BED1, the primers used were BEC5′ 5′ ATC ACG AGA GCT TGC TCA (SEQ ID NO. 3)

in which the 5′ end is at position 1 of wSBE I-D4 cDNA (see Table 1); the sequence was based on the wSBE I-D4 gene, and BEC3′ 5′ CGG TAC ACA GTT GCG TCA TTT TC 3′ (SEQ ID NO. 4)

-   -   in which the 5′ end is at position 334 of WSBE I-D4 cDNA (see         Table 1), and the sequence was based on BED 3.

EXAMPLE 7 Identification of the Gene from the Triticum tauschii SBE I Family which is Expressed in the Endosperm

We have isolated two classes of SBE I genomic clones from T. tauschii. One class contained two genomic clone isolates, and this class has been characterised in some detail (Rahman et al, 1997). The complete gene contained within this class of clones was termed wSBE I-D2; there were additional genes at either ends of the clone, and these were designated WSBE I-D1 and WSBE I-D3. The other class contained nine genomic clone isolates. Of these λE1 was arbitrarily taken as a representative clone, and its restriction map is shown in FIG. 3; the SBE I gene contained in this clone was called WSBE I-D4.

Fragments E1.1 (0.8 kb) and E1.2 (2.1 kb) and fragments E1.7 (4.8 kb) and E1.5 (3 kb) respectively were completely sequenced. Fragment E1.7 was found to encode the N-terminal of the SBE I, which is found in the endosperm as described in Morell et al (1997). This is shown in FIG. 6. Using antibodies raised against the N-terminal sequence, Morell et al (1997) found that the D genome isoform was the most highly expressed in the cultivars Rosella and Chinese Spring. We have thus isolated from T. tauschii a gene, WSBE I-D4, whose homologue in the hexaploid wheat genome encodes the major isoform for SBE I that is found in the wheat endosperm. TABLE 1 Location of structural features and probes within wSBE I-D4 sequence. A. Location of exons by comparison with the cDNA sequence of Repellin et al., (1997). Accession number Y12320. Exon number Start posn End posn 1 4890 4987 2 5082 5149 3 5524 5731 4 5819 5888 5 6149 6318 6 6519 7424 7 7744 7860 8 8015 8077 9 8562 8670 10  9137 9237 11  9421 9488 12  9580 9661 13  9781 9897 14  9990 10480 B. Other features. wSBE I-D4. D4 cDNA Name of feature. sequence sequence. Putative initiation of translation 4900 11 Mature N-terminal sequence of SBE I 5550 124 End of translated SBE I sequence 10225 2431 End of D4 cDNA sequence 10461 2687 wSBE I-D45 4870, 5860  1, 354 wSBE I-D43 10116, 10435 2338, 2657 E1.1 5680, 6400 380, 630 BED 1  1, 354 BED 2 169, 418 BED 3  151, 1601 BED 4  867, 2372 BED 5  867, 2687 Endosperm box like motif TGAAAAGT 4480, 590  CAAAT motif 4863 TATAAA motif 4833

All nine genomic clones of the λE1 type isolated from T. tauschii appear to contain the wSBE I-D4 gene, or very similar genes, on the basis of PCR amplification and hybridisation experiments. However, the restriction patterns obtained for the clones differ with BamHI and EcoRI, among other enzymes, indicating that either the clones represent near-identical but distinct genes or they represent the same gene isolated in distinct products of the Sau3A digest used to generate the library.

EXAMPLE 8 Investigation of Other SBE I Genomic Clones Isolated

All ten members of the λE1-like class of SBE I genomic clones were investigated by hybridisation with probes derived from fragment E1.7 (sequence WSBE I-D45, encoding the translation start signal and the first 100 amino acids from the N-terminal end and intron sequences; see Table 1) and from fragment E1.5 (sequence WSBE I-D43, corresponding largely to the 3′ untranslated sequence and containing intron sequences, see Table 1). The results obtained were consistent with one type of gene being isolated in different fragments in the different clones, as shown in FIG. 7. The PCR products were obtained from the clones λE1, 2, 9, 14, 27, 31 and 52. These hybridised to WSBE I-D45 using primers that amplify near the 5′ end of the gene (positions 5590-6162 of WSBE I-D4). Sequencing showed no differences in sequence of a 200 bp product.

Analysis of the promoter for WSBE I-D4 allows us to investigate the presence of motifs previously described for promoters that regulate gene expression in the endosperm. Forde et al (1985) compared prolamin promoters, and suggested that the presence of a motif approximately −300 bp upstream of the transcription start point, called the endosperm box, was responsible for endosperm-specific expression. The endosperm box was subsequently considered to consist of two different motifs: the endosperm motif (EM) (canonical sequence TGTAAAG) and the GCN 4 motif (canonical sequence G/ATGAG/CTCAT). The GCN4 box is considered to regulate expression according to nitrogen availability (Muller and Knudsen, 1993). The wSBE I-D4 promoter contains a number of imperfect EM-like motifs at approximately −100, −300 and −400 as well as further upstream. However, no GCN4 motifs could be found, which lends support to the idea that this motif regulates response to nitrogen, as starch biosynthesis is not as directly dependent on the nitrogen status of the plant as storage protein synthesis. Comparison of the promoters for wSBE 1-D4 and D2 (Rahman et al, 1997) indicates that although there are no extensive sequence homologies there is a region of about 100 bp immediately before the first encoded methionine where the homology is 61% between the two promoters. In particular there is an almost perfect match in the sequence over twenty base pairs CTCGTTGCTTCC/TACTCCACT, (positions 4723-4742 of the WSBE I sequence), but the significance of this is hard to gauge, as it does not occur in the rice promoter for SBE I. The availability of more promoters for starch biosynthetic enzymes may allow firmer conclusions to be drawn. There are putative CAAT and TATA motifs at positions 4870 and 4830 respectively of WSBE X-D4 sequence. The putative start of translation of the mRNA is at position 4900 of WSBE I-D4.

FIG. 5 shows the structure of the WSBE I-D4 gene, compared with the genes from rice and wheat (Kawasaki et al, 1993; Rahman et al, 1997). The rice SBE I has 14 exons compared with 13 for WSBE I-D4 and 10 for wSBE I-D2.

There is good conservation of exon-intron structure between the three genes, except at the extreme 5′ end. In particular the sizes of intron 1 and intron 2 are very different between rice SBE I and WSBE I-D4.

EXAMPLE 9 Isolation of cDNA for SBE I

Using the maize starch branching enzyme I cDNA as a probe (Baba et al, 1991), 10 positive plaques were recovered by screening approximately 10⁵ plaques from a wheat endosperm cDNA library prepared from the cultivar Rosella, as described in Example 4. On purifying and sequencing these plaques it was clear that even the longest clone (BED5, 1822 bp) did not encode the N-terminal sequence obtained from protein analysis. Degenerate primers based on the wheat endosperm SBE I protein N-terminal sequence (Morell et al, 1997) and the sequence from BED5 were then used to amplify the 5′ region: this produced a cDNA clone termed BED 3 (Table 1 and FIG. 8). This cDNA clone overlapped extensively and had 100% sequence identity with BED5 and BED4 (FIG. 8). As almost the entire protein N-terminal sequence had been included in the primer sequence design, this did not provide independent evidence of the selection of a cDNA sequence in the endosperm that encoded the protein sequence of the main form of SBE I. Using a BED3 to screen a second cDNA library produced BED2, which is shorter than BED3 but confirmed the BED3 sequence at 100% identity between positions 169 and 418 (FIG. 8 and Table 1). In addition the entire cDNA sequence for BED3 could be detected at a 100% match in the genomic clone kEl. Primers based on the putative transcription start point combined with a primer based on the incomplete cDNAs recovered were then used to obtain a PCR product from total endosperm RNA by reverse transcription. This led to the isolation of the cDNA clone, BED1, of 300 bp, whose location is shown in FIG. 8. By analysing this product, a sequence was again obtained that could be found exactly in the genomic clone λE1, and which overlapped precisely with BED3.

The N-terminal of the protein matches that of SBE I isolated from wheat endosperm by Morell et al (1997), and thus the WSBE I-D4 cDNA represents the gene for the predominant SBE I isoform expressed in the endosperm. The encoded protein is 87 kDa; this is similar to proteins encoded by maize (Baba et al, 1991) and rice (Nakamura et al, 1992) cDNAs for SBE I and is distinct from the wSBE I-D2 cDNA described previously, in which the encoded protein was 74 kDa (Rahman et al, 1997).

Five cDNA clones were sequenced and their sequences were assembled into one contiguous sequence using a GCG program (Devereaux et al, 1984). The arrangement of these sequences is illustrated in FIG. 8, the nucleotide sequence is shown in SEQ ID No:5, and the deduced amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID No:6. The intact cDNA sequence, WSBE I-D4 cDNA, is 2687 bp and contains one large open reading frame (ORF), which starts at nucleotides 11 to 13 and ends at nucleotides 2432 to 2434. It encodes a polypeptide of 807 amino acids with a molecular weight of 87 kDa. Comparison of the amino acid sequence encoded by WSBE I-D4 cDNA with that encoded by maize and rice SBE I cDNAs showed that there is 75-80% identity between any of two these sequences at the nucleotide level and almost 90% at the amino acid level. Alignment of these three polypeptide sequences, as shown in FIG. 4, along with the deduced sequences for pea, potato and WSBE I-D2 type cDNA, indicated that the sequences in the central region are highly conserved, and sequences at the 5′ end (about 80 amino acids) and the 3′ end (about 60 amino acids) are variable.

Svensson et al (1994) indicated that there were several invariant residues in sequences of the α-amylase super-family of proteins to which SBE I belongs. In the sequence of maize SBE I these are in motifs commencing at amino acid residue positions 341, 415, 472, 537 respectively; these are also encoded in the WSBE I-D4 sequence (SEQ ID No:9), further supporting the view that this gene encodes a functional enzyme. This is in contrast to the results with the WSBE I-D2 gene, where three of the conserved motifs appear not to be encoded (Rahman et al, 1997).

There is about 90% sequence identity in the deduced amino acid sequence between WSBE I-D4 cDNA and rice SBE I cDNA in the central portion of the molecule (between residues 160 and 740 for the deduced amino acid product from WSBE I-D4 cDNA). The sequence identity of the deduced amino acid sequence of the WSBE I-D4 cDNA to the deduced amino acid sequence of WSBE I-D2 is somewhat lower (85% for the most conserved region, between residues 285 to 390 for the deduced product of WSBE I-D4 cDNA). Surprisingly, however, wSBE I-D4 cDNA is missing the sequence that encodes amino acids at positions 30 to 58 in rice SBE I (see FIG. 4). This corresponds to residues within the transit peptide of rice SBE I. A corresponding sequence also occurs in the deduced amino acid sequence from maize SBE I (Baba et al, 1991) and wSBE I-D2 type cDNA (Rahman et al, 1997). Consequently the transit sequence encoded by WSBE I-D4 cDNA is unusally short, containing only 38 amino acids, compared with 55-60 amino acids deduced for most starch biosynthetic enzymes in cereals (see for example Ainsworth, 1993; Nair et al, 1997). The WSBE I-D4 gene does contain this sequence, but this does not appear to be transcribed into the major species of RNA from this gene, although it can be detected at low relative abundance. This raises the possibility of alternative splicing of the WSBE I-D4 transcript, and also the question of the relative efficiency of translation/transport of the two isoforms. The possibility of alternative splicing in both rice and wheat has been considered for soluble starch synthase (Baba et al, 1993 Rahman et al, 1995). Alternative splicing of soluble starch synthase would give a transit sequence of 40 amino acids, which is the same length proposed for the product of WSBE I-D4 cDNA.

We have previously used probes based on exons 4, 5 and 6 (E7.8 and E1.1, see Rahman et al., 1997) of wSBE-D2 to probe wheat and T. tauschii genomic DNA cleaved with PvuII and BamHI respectively. This region is highly conserved within rice SBE I, wSBE I-D2 and WSBE I-D4 and produced ten bands with wheat DNA and five with T. tauschii DNA. Neither PvuII nor BamHI cleaved within the probe sequences, suggesting that each band represented a single type of SBE I gene. We have described four SBE I genes from T. tauschii: wSBE I-D1, WSBE I-D2, WSBE I-D3 and WSBE I-D4 (Rahman et al, 1997 and this specification), and so we may have accounted for most of the genes in T. tauschii and, by extension, the genes from the D genome of wheat. In wheat, at least two hybridising bands could be assigned to each of chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D.

EXAMPLE 10 Tissue Specificity and Expression During Endosperm Development

The 300 bp of 3′ untranslated sequence of WSBE I-D4 cDNA does not show any homology with either the wSBE I-D2 type cDNA that we have described earlier (Rahman et al, 1997) or with BE-I from rice, as shown in FIG. 5. We have called this sequence wSBE I-D43C (see SEQ ID No:9). It seemed likely that WSBE I-D43C would be a specific probe for this class of SBE-I, and thus it was used to investigate the tissue specificity. Hybridization of RNA from endosperm of hexaploid T. tauschii cultures with SBE I, SBE II, SSS I, DBE I, wheat actin, and wheat ribosomal RNA was examined. RNA was purified at various numbers of days after anthesis from plants grown with a 16 h photoperiod at 13° C. (night) and 18° C. (day). The age of the endosperms from which RNA was extracted in days after anthesis is given above the lanes in the blot. Equivalent amounts of RNA were electrophoresed in each lane. The probes used are identified in Tables 1 and 2.

The results are shown in FIGS. 9 a to 9 g. An RNA species of about 2700 bases in size was found to hybridise. This is very close to the size of the WSBE I-D4 cDNA sequence. RNA hybridising to wSBE-1-D43C is most abundant at the mid-stage of endosperm development, as shown in FIG. 9 a, and in field grown material is relatively constant during the period 12-18 days, the time at which there is rapid starch and storage protein accummulation (Morell et al, 1995).

The sequence contained within the WSBE I-D4 gene appears to be expressed only in the endosperm (FIG. 9 a, FIG. 9 b). We could not detect any expression in the leaf. This could be because another isoform is expressed in the leaf, and/or because the amount of SBE I present in the leaf is much less than what is required in the endosperm. Isolation of SBE I clones from a leaf cDNA library would enable this question to be resolved.

EXAMPLE 11 Intron-Exon Structure of SBE I

By comparison of the cDNA sequence of SBE I (Repellin et al, 1997) with that of WSBE I-D4 we can deduce the intron-exon structure of the gene for the major isoform of SBE I that is found in the endosperm. The structure contains 14 exons compared to 14 for rice (Kawasaki et al, 1993). These 14 exons are spread over 6 kb of sequence, a distance similar to that found in both rice SBE I and WSBE I-D2. A dotplot comparison of wSBE I-D4 sequence and that of rice SBE I sequence, depicted in FIG. 10, shows good sequence identity over almost the entire gene starting from about position 5100 of wSBE I-D4; the identity is poor over the first 5 kb of sequence corresponding largely to the promoter sequences. The sequence identity over introns (about 60%) is lower than over exons (about 85%).

EXAMPLE 12 Repeated Sequences in SBE I

Sequencing of WSBE I-D4 revealed there was a repeated sequence of at least 300 bp contained in a 2 kb fragment about 600 bp after the 3′ end of the gene. We have called this sequence WSBE I-D4R (SEQ ID NO: 9). This repeated sequence is within fragment E1.5 (FIG. 3 and Table 1) and is flanked by non-repetitive sequences from the genomic clone. We have previously shown that the restriction pattern obtained by digesting kEl with the restriction enzyme BamHI is also obtained when T. tauschii DNA is digested. Thus wSBE I-D4R is unlikely to be a cloning artefact. A search of the GenBank Database revealed that WSBE I-D4R shared no significant homology with any sequence in the database. Hybridisation experiments with WSBE I-D4R showed that all of the other SBE I-D4 type genomic clones (except number 29) contained this repeated sequence (data not shown). The WSBE I-D4R sequence was not highly repeated and occurred in the wheat genome with a similar frequency as the wSBE I-D4 sequence.

When SBE I-D4R was used as the probe on wheat DNA from the nulli-tetra lines, four bands were obtained; two of these bands could be assigned to chromosome 7A and the others to chromosomes 7B and 7D (FIG. 11). One of the two BamHI fragments from wheat DNA which could be assigned to chromosome 7A was distinct from the single band from chromosome 7A detected using wSBE I-D43 as the probe; the other three bands coincided in the autoradiograph with bands obtained with wSBE I-D43, and are likely to represent the same fragment. However, one of these fragments was distinct from the BamHI fragment that hybridised to the WSBE I-D43 sequence. In WSBE I-D4 (see SEQ ID No:9), the wSBE I-D43 sequence is only 300 bp upstream of WSBE I-D4R, and occurs in the same BamHI fragment. These results suggest that the wSBE I-D4R sequence can occur independently of WSBE I-D4 in the wheat genome.

EXAMPLE 13 Isolation of Genomic Clones Encoding SBE II

Screening of a cDNA library, prepared from the wheat endosperm as described in Example 4, with the maize BE I clone (Baba et al, 1991) at low stringency led to the isolation of two classes of positive plaques. One class was strongly hybridising, and led to the isolation of wheat SBE I-D2 type and SBE I-D4 type cDNA clones, as described in Example 5 and in Rahman et al (1997). The second class was weakly hybridising, and one member of this class was purified. This weakly hybridising clone was termed SBE-9, and on sequencing was found to contain a sequence that was distinct from that for SBE I. This sequence showed greatest homology to maize BE II sequences, and was considered to encode part of the wheat SBE II sequence.

The screening of approximately 5×10⁵ plaques from a genomic library constructed from T. tauschii (see Example 1) with the SBE-9 sequence led to the isolation of four plaques that were positive. These were designated wSBE II-D1 to wSBE II-D4 respectively, and were purified and analysed by restriction mapping. Although they all had different hybridization patterns with SBE-9, as shown in FIG. 12, the results were consistent with the isolation of the same gene in different-sized fragments.

EXAMPLE 14 Identification of the N-Terminal Sequence of SBE II

Sequencing of the SBE II gene contained in clone 2, termed SBE 11-D1 (see SEQ ID No:10), showed that it coded for the N-terminal sequence of the major isoform of SBE II expressed in the wheat endosperm, as identified by Morell et al (1997). This is shown in FIG. 13.

EXAMPLE 15 Intron-Exon Structure of the SBE II Gene

In addition to encoding the N-terminal sequence of sBE II, as shown in Example 10, the cDNA sequence reported by Nair et al (1997) was also found to have 100% sequence identity with part of the sequence of wSBE I-D1. Thus the intron-exon structure can be deduced, and this is shown in FIG. 14. The positions of exons and other major structural features of the SBE II gene are summarized in Table 2.

EXAMPLE 16 Number of SBE II Genes in T. tauschii and Wheat

Hybridisation of the SBE II conserved region with T. tauschii DNA revealed the presence of three gene classes. However, in our screening we only recovered one class. Hybridisation to wheat DNA indicated that the locus for SBE II was on chromosome 2, with approximately 5 loci in wheat; most of these appear to be on chromosome 2D, as shown in FIG. 15. TABLE 2 Positions of structural features in wSBE II-D1. A. Positions of exons. Genomic Genomic Exon number start finish  1 1058 1336  2 1664 1761  3 2038 2279  4 2681 2779  5 2949 2997  6 3145 3204  7 3540 3620  8 3704 3825  9 4110 4188 10 4818 4939 11 5115 5234 12 6209 6338 13 6427 6549 14 6739 6867 15 7447 7550 16 8392 8536 17 9556 9703 18 9839 9943 19 10120 10193 20 10395 10550 21 10928 11002 22 11092 11475 B. Other structural features within the wSBE II-D1 DNA sequence Putative initiation of translation 1214 Mature N-terminal sequence of SBE II. 1681 wSBE II-D13 11116 to 11448 Endosperm box like motif TGAAAAGT 521 Endosperm box like motif TGAAAGT 565 Endpsperm box like motif CGAAAAT 669 Endosperm box like motif TAAATGT 768 CAAAAT motif 784 TCAATT motif 1108 TATAAA motif 799 AATTAA motif 1110

EXAMPLE 17 Expression of SBE II

Investigation of the pattern of expression of SBE II revealed that the gene was only expressed in the endosperm. However the timing of expression was quite distinct from that of SBE I, as illustrated in FIGS. 9 a, 9 b and 9 c.

SBE I gene expression is only clearly detectable from the mid-stage of endosperm development (10 days after anthesis in FIG. 9 b), whereas SBE II gene expression is clearly seen much earlier, in endosperm tissue at 5-8 days after development (FIGS. 9 a and 9 c), corresponding to an early stage of endosperm development. The hybridisation of wheat endosperm mRNA with the actin and ribosomal RNA genes is shown as controls (FIGS. 9 fa and 9 g, respectively).

EXAMPLE 18 Cloning of Wheat Soluble Starch Synthase cDNA

A conserved sequence region was used for the synthesis of primers for amplification of SSS I by comparison with the nucleotide sequences encoding soluble starch synthases of rice and pea. A 300 bp RT-PCR product was obtained by amplification of cDNA from wheat endosperm at 12 days post anthesis. The 300 bp RT-PCT product was then cloned, and its sequence analysed. The comparison of its sequence with rice SSS cDNA showed about 80% sequence homology. The 300 bp RT-PCR product was 100% homologous to the partial sequence of a wheat SSS I in the database produced by Block et al (1997).

The 300 bp cDNA fragment of wheat soluble starch synthase thus isolated was used as a probe for the screening of a wheat endosperm cDNA library (Rahman et al, 1997). Eight cDNA clones were selected. One of the largest cDNA clones (sm2) was used for DNA sequencing analysis, and gave a 2662 bp nucleotide sequence, which is shown in SEQ ID NO:14. A large open reading frame of this cDNA encoded a 647 amino acid polypeptide, starting at nucleotides 247 to 250 and terminating at nucleotides 2198 to 2200. The deduced polypeptide was shown by protein sequence analysis to contain the N-terminal sequence of a 75 kDa granule-bound protein (Rahman et al, 1995). This is illustrated in FIG. 16. The location of the 75 kDa protein was determined for both the soluble fraction and starch granule-bound fraction by the method of Denyer et al (1995). Thus this cDNA clone encoded a polypeptide comprising a 41 amino acid transit peptide and a 606 amino acid mature peptide (SEQ ID NO:12). The cleavage site LRRL was located at amino acids 36 to 39 of the transit peptide of this deduced polypeptide.

Comparison of wheat SSS I with rice SSS and potato SSS showed that there is 87.4% or 75.9% homology at the amino acid level and 74.7% or 58.1% homology at the nucleotide level. Some amino acids in the at N-terminal sequences of the SSS I of wheat and rice were conserved. Major features of the SSS I gene are summarized in Table 3.

EXAMPLE 19 Isolation of Genomic Clone of Wheat Soluble Starch Synthase

Seven genomic clones were obtained with a 300 bp cDNA probe by screening approximately 5×10⁵ plaques from a genomic DNA library of Triticum tauschii, as described above. DNA was purified from 5 of these clones and digested with BamHI and SacI. Southern hybridization analysis using the 300 bp cDNA as probe showed that these clones could be classified into two classes, as shown in FIG. 17. One genomic clone, sg3, contained a long insert, and was digested with BamHI or SacI and subcloned into pBluescript KS+ vector. TABLE 3 Comparison of exons and introns of soluble starch synthases I genes of wheat and rice start site stop site wSSI-D1 rSSI identity (%) (wSSI-D1) (wSSI-D1) (1) Identity of exons of soluble starch synthase I genes of wheat and rice Exons  1a 255 113 57.52 −253 0  1b 316 298 58.92 1 316  2 356 356 82.87 1473 1828  3 78 78 92.31 2746 2823  4 125 125 90.40 2906 3028  5 82 82 89.02 4113 4194  6 174 174 93.10 4286 4459  7 82 82 93.90 4562 4643  8 92 92 92.39 4743 4835  9 63 63 90.48 4959 5021 10 90 90 82.22 5103 5192 11 125 125 88.80 8594 8718 12 109 109 91.74 8807 8915 13 53 53 81.13 8992 9044 14 40 41 80.00 9160 9199 15a 159 113 79.65 9499 9657 15b 392 539 46.46 9658 10098 (2) Identity of introns of soluble starch synthase I genes of wheat and rice Introns  1 1156 907 41.05 317 1472  2 917 851 41.65 1829 2745  3 82 87 45.12 2824 2905  4 1084 835 48.50 3029 4112  5 91 96 57.78 4195 4285  6 102 189 52.48 4460 4561  7 99 96 52.08 4644 4742  8 123 110 45.46 4836 4958  9 81 78 58.97 5022 5102 10 3401 663 37.56 5193 8593 11 88 124 56.82 8719 8806 12 76 81 48.68 8916 8991 13 115 135 45.22 9045 9159 14 299 830 45.80 9200 9498 Note: Exon 1a: non-coding region of exon 1. Exon 1b: coding region of exon 1. Exon 15a: coding region of exon 15. Exon 15b: non-coding region of exon 15. wSSI-D1: wheat soluble starch synthase I gene. rSSI: rice soluble starch synthase I gene.

These subclones were analysed by sequencing. The intron/exon structure of the sg3 rice gene is shown in FIG. 18. The SSS I gene from T. tauschii is shown in SEQ ID No:13, while the deduced amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO:14.

EXAMPLE 20 Northern Hybridization Analysis of the Expression of Genes Encoding Soluble Starch Synthase

Total RNAs were purified from leaves, pre-anthesis material, and various stages of developing endosperm at 5-8, 10-15 and 18-22 days post anthesis. Northern hybridization analysis showed that mRNAs encoding wheat SSS I were specifically expressed in developmental endosperm. Expression of this mRNAs in the leaves and pre-anthesis materials could not be detected by northern hybridization analysis under this experimental condition. Wheat SSS I mRNAs started to express at high levels at an early stage of endosperm, 5-8 days post anthesis, and the expression level in endosperm at 10-15 days post anthesis, was reduced. These results are summarized in FIG. 9 a and FIG. 9 d.

EXAMPLE 21 Genomic Localisation of Wheat Soluble Starch Synthase

DNA from chromosome engineered lines was digested with the restriction enzyme BamHI and blotted onto supported nitrocellulose membranes. A probe prepared from the 3′ end of the cDNA sequence, from positions 2345 to 2548, was used to hybridise to this DNA. The presence of a specific band was shown to be associated with the presence of chromosomes 7A (FIG. 19). These data demonstrate location of the SSS I gene on chromosome 7.

EXAMPLE 22 Isolation of SSS I Promoter

We have isolated the promoter that drives this pattern of expression for SSS I. The pattern of expression for SSS I is very similar to that for SBE II: the SSS I gene transcript is detectable from an early stage of endosperm development until the endosperm matures. The sequence of this promoter is given in SEQ ID No:15.

EXAMPLE 23 Isolation of the Gene Encoding Debranching Enzyme from Wheat

The sugary-1 mutation in maize results in mature dried kernels that have a glassy and translucent appearance; immature mature kernels accumulate sucrose and other simple sugars, as well as the water-soluble polysaccharide phytoglycogen (Black et al, 1966). Most data indicates that in sugary-1 mutants the concentration of amylose is increased relative to that of amylopection. Analysis of a particular sugary-1 mutation (su-1Ref) by James et al, (1995) led to the isolation of a cDNA that shared significant sequence identity with bacterial enzymes that hydrolyse the α 1,6-glucosyl linkages of starch, such as an isoamylase from Pseudomonas (Amemura et al, 1988), ie. bacterial debranching enzymes.

We have now isolated a sequence amplified from wheat endosperm cDNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This sequence is highly homologous to the sequence for the sugary gene isolated by James et al, (1995). This sequence has been used to isolate homologous cDNA sequences from a wheat endosperm library and genomic sequences from Triticum tauschii.

Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of DBE from maize with spinach (Accession SOPULSPO, GenBank database), Pseudomonas (Amemura et al, 1988) and rice (Nakamura et al, 1997) enabled us to deduce sequences which could be useful in wheat. When these sequences were used as PCR amplification primers with wheat genomic DNA a product of 256 bp was produced. This was sequenced and was compared to the sequence of maize sugary isolated by James et al, (1995). The results are shown in FIG. 20 a and FIG. 20 b. This sequence has been termed wheat debranching enzyme sequence I (WDBE-I).

WDBE-1 was used to investigate a cDNA library constructed from wheat endosperm (Rahman et al, 1997) enables us to isolate two cDNA clones which hybridise strongly to the WDBE-I probe. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert in the longest of these clones is given in SEQ ID No:16.

Use of WDBE 1 to investigate a genomic library constructed from T. tauschii, as described above has led to the isolation of four genomic clones, designated I1, I2, I3 and I4, respectively, which hybridised strongly to the WDBE-I sequence. These clones were shown to contain copies of a single debranching enzyme gene. The sequence of one of these clones, I2, is given in SEQ ID No:17. The intron/exon structure of the gene is shown in FIG. 20 c. Exons 1 to 4 were identified by comparison with the maize sugary-1 cDNA, while Exons 5 to 18 were identified by comparison with the cDNA sequence given in SEQ ID No:16. The major features of the DBE I gene are summarized in Table 4.

Hybridization of WDBE-I to DNA from T. tauschii indicates one hybridizing fragment (FIG. 21 a). The chromosomal location of the gene was shown to be on chromosome 7 through hybridisation to nullisomic/tetrasomic lines of the hexaploid wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (FIG. 21 b).

We have clearly isolated a sequence from the wheat genome that has high identity to the debranching enzyme cDNA of maize characterised by James et al (1997). The isolation of homologous cDNA sequences and genomic sequences enables further characterisation of the debranching enzyme cDNA and promoter sequences from wheat and T. tauschii. These sequences and the WDBE I sequences shown herein are useful in the manipulation of wheat starch structure through genetic manipulation and in the screening for mutants at the equivalent sugary locus in wheat.

FIG. 9 e shows that the DBE I gene is expressed during endosperm development in wheat and that the timing of expression is similar to the SBEII and SSSI genes. FIG. 9 h shows that the full length mRNA for the gene (3.0 kb) is found only in the wheat endosperm.

EXAMPLE 24 Transient Assays of Promoter-GFP Fusions

DNA Constructs

DNA constructs for transient expression assays were prepared by fusing sequences from the BEII and SSI promoters to the gene encoding the Green Fluorescent Protein. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) constructs contained the GFP gene described by Sheen et al. (1995). The nos 3′ element (Bevan et al., 1983) was inserted 3′ of the GFP gene. The plasmid vector (pWGEM_NZfp) was constructed by inserting the NotI to HindIII fragment from the following sequence: 5′ GCGGCCGCTC CCTGGCCGAC TTGGCCGAAG CTTGCATGCC TGCAGGTCGA CTCTAGAGGA TCCCCGGGTA CCGAGCTCGA ATTCATCGAT GATATCAGAT CCGGGCCCTC TAGATGCGGC CGCATGCATA AGCTT 3′

into the NotI and HindIII sites of pGem-Zf(−) vector (Promega). The sequences at the junction of the wSSSIpro1 and wSSSIpro2 and GFP were identical, and included the junction sequence: 5′ ....CGCGCGCCCA CACCCTGCAG GTCGACTCTA GAGGATCCAT GGTGAGCAAG 3′.

The sequence at the junction of wsbeIIpro1 and GFP was: 5′ GCGACTGGCT GACTCAATCA CTACGCGGGG ATCCATGGTG AGCAAGGGCG 3′.

The sequence at the junction of wsbeIIpro2 and GFP was: 5′ GGACTCCTCT CGCGCCGTCC TGAGCCGCGG ATCCATGGTG AGCAAGGGCG 3′.

The structures of the constructs are shown in FIGS. 22 a to 22 f. TABLE 4 Structural features of wDBEI-D1 A. Position of exons Exon Start End number position position Comments  1 1890 2241 (deduced by comparison with maize)  2 2342 2524 (deduced by comparison with maize)  3 2615 2707 (deduced by comparison with maize)  4 3016 3168 (deduced by comparison with maize)  5 3360 3436  6 4313 4454  7 4526 4633  8 4734 4819  9 5058 5129 10 5202 5328 11 5558 5644 12 6575 6671 13 7507 7661 14 8450 8527 15 8739 8823 16 8902 8981 17 9114 9231 18 Still being sequenced Note that following nucleotides 3330, 6330 and 8419 there may be short regions of DNA not yet sequenced. B. CAAAAT motif 1833 TCAAT motif 1838 ATAAATAA motif 1804 Endosperm box like motif TAAAACG 1463 Preparation of Target Tissue

All explants used for transient assay were from the hexaploid wheat cultivar, Milliwang. Endosperm (10-12 days after anthesis), embryos (12-14 days after anthesis) and leaves (the second leaf from the top of plants containing 5 leaves) were used. Developing seed or leaves were collected, surface sterilized with 1.25% w/v sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes and rinsed with sterile distilled water 8 times. Endosperms or embryos were carefully excised from seed in order to avoid contamination with surrounding tissues. Leaves were cut into 0.5 cm×1 cm pieces. All tissues were aseptically transferred onto SDLSM medium, which is an MS based medium containing 1 mg/L 2,4-D, 150 mg/L L-asparagine, 0.5 mg/L thiamine, 10 g/L sucrose, 36 g/L sorbitol and 36 g/L mannitol. Each agar plate contained either 12 endosperms, 12 embros or 2 leaf segments.

Preparation of Gold Particles and Bombardment

Five μg of each plasmid was used for the preparation of gold particles, as described by Witrzens et al. (1998). Gold particle-DNA suspension in ethanol (10 μl) was used for each bombardment using a Bio-Rad helium-driven particle delivery system, PDS-1000.

GFP Assay

The expression of GFP was observed after 36 to 72 hours incubation using a fluorescence microscope. Two plates were bombarded for each construct. The numbers of expressing regions were recorded for each target tissue, and are summarized in Table 5. The intensity of the expression of GFP from each of the promoters was estimated by visual comparison of the light intensity emitted, and is summarized in Table 6.

The DNA construct containing GFP without a promoter region (pZLGFPNot) gave no evidence of transient expression in embryo (panel 1) or leaf (panel r) and extremely weak and sporadic expression in endosperm (panel f), this construct gave only very weak expression in endosperm with respect to the number (FIG. 5) and intensity (FIG. 6) of transient expression regions. The constructs pwsssIpro1gfpNOT (panels b, h and n), psbeIIpro1gfpNOT (panels d, j and p), and psbeIIpro2gfpNOT (panels e, k and q) yielded low numbers (Table 5) of strongly (Table 6) expressing regions in leaves, and there was a very uneven distribution of expressing regions between target leaf pieces (Table 5). pwsssIpro2gfpNOT (panels c, i and o) gave no evidence of transient expression in leaves (Table 5). These results show that each of the promoter constructs is able to drive the transient expression of GFP in the grain tissues, endosperm and embryo. The ability of the short SSI promoter (pwsssIpro2gfpNOT containing 1042 bp 5′ of the ATG translation start site) to drive expression in leaves (panel n) contrasts with the inability of the long SSI promoter (pwsssIpro2gfpNOT containing 3914 base pair region 5′ of the ATG translation start site, panel 0) suggesting that regions for controlling tissue specificity are located between −3914 and −1042 of the SSI promoter region (SEQ ID No:15).

EXAMPLE 25 Stable Transformation of Rice

Stable transformation of rice using Agrobacterium was carried out essentially as described by Wang et al. 1997. The plasmids containing the target DNA constructs containing the promoter-reporter gene fusions are shown in FIG. 23. These plasmids were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGLL by electroporation. and cultured on selection plates of LB media containing rifampicillin (50 mg/L) and spectinomycin (50 mg/L) for 2 to 3 days, and then gently suspended in 10 ml NB liquid medium containing 100 μM acetosyringone and mixed well. Embryogenic rice calli (2 to 3 months old) derived from mature seeds were immersed in the A. tumefaciens AGLI TABLE 5 Transient Assay of GFP based constructs Plate Explant Number Tissue Construct No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ave. S.D. Endosperm pact_jsgfg_nos 1 0 0 1 158 152 148 0 2 12 159 95 64 65.9 71.6 Endosperm pact_jsgfg_nos 2 3 13 2 83 18 9 6 188 0 102 5 3 36.0 58.6 Embryo pact_jsgfg_nos 3 97 79 77 101 121 176 89 129 139 212 131 138 124.1 40.1 Embryo pact_jsgfg_nos 4 18 39 89 82 7 52 94 147 19 66 106 85 67.0 41.6 Leaf pact_jsgfg_nos 5 0 2 0 3 0 0 0.8 1.3 Leaf pact_jsgfg_nos 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.2 0.4 Leaf pact_jsgfg_nos 7 3 0 0 2 0 3 1.3 1.5 Endosperm pZLGFPNot 8 13 0 4 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2.7 5.2 Endosperm pZLGFPNot 9 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 5 3 4 6 0 2.7 4.2 Embryo pZLGFPNot 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Embryo pZLGFPNot 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Leaf pZLGFPNot 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Leaf pZLGFPNot 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Leaf pZLGFPNot 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Endosperm psbeIIpro1gfpNOT 15 111 0 77 142 0 127 7 35 39 191 95 34 71.5 62.3 Endosperm psbeIIpro1gfpNOT 16 21 101 0 0 34 164 102 5 39 125 147 114 71.0 60.6 Embryo psbeIIpro1gfpNOT 17 23 67 63 4 12 14 9 8 29 19 24 51 26.9 21.7 Embryo psbeIIpro1gfpNOT 18 92 144 64 36 31 23 106 43 11 1 9 7 47.3 45.4 Leaf psbeIIpro1gfpNOT 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Leaf psbeIIpro1gfpNOT 20 6 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 2.4 Leaf psbeIIpro1gfpNOT 21 0 0 0 0 3 5 1.3 2.2 Endosperm psbeIIpro2fpNOT 22 12 18 3 0 0 21 13 0 10 11 10 0 8.2 7.4 Endosperm psbeIIpro2fpNOT 23 24 25 13 68 11 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11.8 20.1 Embryo psbeIIpro2fpNOT 24 9 13 4 7 6 21 0 9 3 5 2 4 6.9 5.7 Embryo psbeIIpro2fpNOT 25 5 0 3 5 23 4 3 1 8 12 8 13 7.1 6.4 Leaf psbeIIpro2fpNOT 26 0 2 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.8 Leaf psbeIIpro2fpNOT 27 0 5 0 8 0 0 2.2 3.5 Leaf psbeIIpro2fpNOT 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Endosperm pwsssIpro1gfpNOT 29 121 0 0 28 0 4 81 23 0 2 0 2 21.8 39.2 Endosperm pwsssIpro1gfpNOT 30 3 0 0 92 12 0 0 102 4 159 41 24 36.4 52.8 Embryo pwsssIpro1gfpNOT 31 112 106 74 54 33 73 77 49 42 38 59 46 63.6 25.6 Embryo pwsssIpro1gfpNOT 32 97 48 110 22 191 112 53 6 9 145 6 10 67.4 62.4 Leaf pwsssIpro1gfpNOT 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Leaf pwsssIpro1gfpNOT 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Leaf pwsssIpro1gfpNOT 35 12 0 0 0 0 0 2.0 4.9 Endosperm pwsssIpro2fpNOT 36 0 0 18 81 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 8.8 23.3 Endosperm pwsssIpro2fpNOT 37 0 18 14 6 63 8 8 23 79 7 46 51 26.9 26.1 Embryo pwsssIpro2fpNOT 38 15 7 14 57 8 3 26 10 47 34 47 0 22.3 19.4 Embryo pwsssIpro2fpNOT 39 9 15 48 103 31 22 107 22 27 82 51 63 48.3 33.8 Leaf pwsssIpro2fpNOT 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Leaf pwsssIpro2fpNOT 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Leaf pwsssIpro2fpNOT 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0

TABLE 6 Comparison of the Intensities of Transient Expression pact_js- pwsssI- pwsssI- psbeII- psbeII- Tissue gfg_nos pro1gfpNOT pro2gfpNOT pro1gfpNOT pro2gfpNOT pZLGFPNot Endosperm 10 4 2.5 3.5 1.5 0.5 Embryo 10 5.5 5.5 1.5 1 0 Leaf 10 20 0 10 10 0 All intensities are relative to pact_js-gfg_nos transient expression in the target tissue Relative intensities were independently scored by three researchers and averaged. suspension. After 3-10 minutes the A. tumefaciens AGLL suspension medium was removed, and the rice calli were transferred to NB medium containing 100 μM acetosyringone for 48 h. The co-cultivated calli were washed with sterile Milli Q H₂O containing 150 mg/L timentin 7 times to remove all Agrobacterium, plated on to NB medium containing 150 mg/L timentin and 30 mg/L hygromycin, and cultured for 3 to 4 weeks. Newly-formed buds on the surface of rice calli were excised and plated onto NB Second Selection medium containing 150 mg/L timentin and 50 mg/L hygromycin. After 4 weeks of proliferation calli were plated onto NB Pre-Regeneration medium containing 150 mg/L timentin and 50 mg/L hygromycin, and cultured for 2 weeks. The calli were then transferred on to NB-Regeneration medium containing 150 mg/L timentin and 50 mg/L hygromycin for 3 to 4 weeks. Once shooting occurs, shoots are transferred onto rooting medium (% MS) containing 50 mg/L hygromycin. Once adequate root formation occurs, the seedlings are transferred to soil, grown in a misting chamber for 1-2 weeks, and grown to maturity in a containment glasshouse.

EXAMPLE 26 Use of Probes from SSS I, SBE I, SBE II and DBE Sequences to Identify Null or Altered Alleles for Use in Breeding Programmes

DNA primer sets were designed to enable amplification of the first 9 introns of the SBE II gene using PCR. The design of the primer sets is illustrated in FIG. 24. Primers were based on the wSBE II-D1 sequence (deduced from FIG. 13 b and Nair et al, 1997; Accession No. Y11282) and were designed such that intron sequences in the wSBE II sequence were amplified by PCR. These primer sets individually amplify the first 9 introns of SBE II. One primer (sr913F) contained a fluorescent label at the 5′ end. Following amplification, the products were digested with the restriction enzyme Dde1 and analysed using an ABI 377 DNA Sequencer with Genescan™ fragment analysis software. One primer set, for intron 5, was found to amplify products from each of chromosomes 2A, 2B and 2D of wheat. This is shown in FIG. 25, which illustrates results obtained with various wheat lines, and demonstrates that products from each of the wheat genomes from diverse wheats were amplified, and that therefore lines lacking the wSBEII gene on a specific chromosome could be readily identified. Lane (iii) illustrates the identification of the absence of the A genome wSBEII gene from the hexaploid wheat cultivar Chinese Spring ditelosomic line 2AS.

FIG. 26 compares results of amplification with an Intron 10 primer set for various nullisomic/tetrasomic lines of the hexaploid wheat Chinese Spring. Fluorescent dUTP deoxynucleotides were included in the amplification reaction. Following amplification, the products were digested with the restriction enzyme DdeI and analysed using an ABI 377 DNA Sequencer with Genescan™fragment analysis software. In lane (i) Chinese Spring ditelosomic line 2AS, a 300 base product is absent; in lane (ii) N2BT2A, a 204 base product is absent, and in lane (iii) N2DT2B a 191 base product is absent. These results demonstrate that the absence of specific wSBEII genes on each of the wheat chromosomes can be detected by this assay. Lines lacking wSBEII forms can be used as a parental line for breeding programmes for generation of new lines in which expression of SBE II is diminished or abolished, with consequent increase in amylose content of the wheat grain. Thus a high amylose wheat can be produced.

Table 7 shows examples primers pairs for SBE I, SSS I and DBE I which can identify genes from individual wheat genomes and could therefore be used to identify lines containing null or altered alleles. Such tests could be used to enable the development of wheat lines carrying null mutations in each of the genomes for a specific gene (for TABLE 7 PCR Primers for Starch Biosynthesis Genes Foward Reverse Temp Product Gene Primer Foward Primer sequence Primer Reverse Primer sequence (° C.) (bp) SBE I ZLE1 5d GGC GGC GGC AAT GTG CGG CTG AG ZLBE1 CCA GAT CGT ATA TCG GAA GGT CG 57.3 A = 625, 63 B = 600, D = 550 SSS I sssE01F GAA CTC GCG CCC GAC CTC CT ZLSg7 AGC CAC GAT TAT GCT GTC GAT GG 55.0 A, 450; B = 450; D = 630 sssE14F TTC TCA CCG CTA ACC GTG GAC ZLSm19 GTC TAC ATG ACG TAG GGT TGG TC 55.8 B = 400, D = 500 no A product DBE I DBEE17F TGG TCT GAG AAT AGC CGA TTC sr1536F AAGGCCACATAGATCTCG 56.8 B, 190; D, 190, A, 160. Non- specific product 220 bp Temp: = annealing temperature, bp = length of the product in base pairs example SBEI, SSI or DBE I) or combinations of null alleles for different genes.

It will be apparent to the person skilled in the art that while the invention has been described in some detail for the purposes of clarity and understanding, various modifications and alterations to the embodiments and methods described herein may be made without departing from the scope of the inventive concept disclosed in this specification.

Reference cited herein are listed on the following pages, and are incorporated herein by this reference.

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1-52. (canceled)
 53. An isolated nucleic acid molecule, comprising an antisense nucleotide sequence which hybridizes to the SBE Il-D1 gene having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein the hybridization is conducted at 42° C. in 25% or 50% formamide, 2×SSC, 6% Dextran Sulphate for 16 hr followed by washing at 60° C. in 2×SSC for 3×1 hr.
 54. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 53, wherein the antisense nucleotide sequence is at least 90% identical to a corresponding portion of the nucleotide sequence that is complementary to SEQ ID NO:
 10. 55. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 53, wherein the antisense nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of nucleotides 1058 to 1336, 1664 to 1761, 2038 to 2279, 2681 to 2779, 2949 to 2997, 3145 to 3204, 3540 to 3620, 3704 to 3825, 4110 to 4188, 4818 to 4939, 5115 to 5234, 6209 to 6338, 6427 to 6549, 6739 to 6867, 7447 to 7550, 8932 to 8536, 9556 to 9703, 9839 to 9943, 10120 to 10192, 10395 to 10550, 10928 to 11002, or 11092 to 11463 of SEQ ID NO:
 10. 56. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 53, wherein the antisense nucleotide sequence is complementary to a cDNA sequence.
 57. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 53, wherein the antisense nucleotide sequence is derived from a Triticum species.
 58. A nucleic acid construct, comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 53, wherein the antisense nucleotide sequence is operably linked to one or more nucleic acid sequences facilitating expression of said nucleotide sequence in a plant.
 59. The nucleic acid construct of claim 58, wherein the one or more nucleic acid sequences facilitating expression of said nucleotide sequence in a plant functions in the endosperm of a cereal plant.
 60. The nucleic acid construct of claim 58, wherein the plant is a cereal plant.
 61. The nucleic acid construct of claim 60, wherein the cereal plant is wheat, maize, barley or rice.
 62. The nucleic acid construct of claim 61, wherein the cereal plant is wheat.
 63. The nucleic acid construct of claim 62, wherein the cereal plant is barley.
 64. The nucleic acid construct of claim 58, which is a plasmid or vector which is suitable for use in transformation of a plant.
 65. A plant transformed with the nucleic acid construct of claim
 58. 66. The transformed plant of claim 65, which is a cereal plant of the family Gramineae.
 67. The transformed plant of claim 66, wherein the cereal plant is wheat, maize, barley or rice.
 68. The transformed plant of claim 67, wherein the cereal plant is wheat.
 69. The transformed plant of claim 67, wherein the cereal plant is barley.
 70. The transformed plant of claim 65, wherein said nucleic acid construct further comprises a sense nucleotide sequence which is combined with said antisense nucleotide sequence, wherein said sense nucleotide sequence comprises at least a fragment of SEQ ID NO:
 10. 71. Seed from the transformed plant of claim 65, comprising said nucleic acid construct.
 72. A product comprising plant material from the transformed plant of claim 65, said plant material comprising said nucleic acid construct.
 73. The product of claim 72 which is a food product.
 74. The food product of claim 73, comprising starch with modified characteristics.
 75. A method of reducing the expression of a gene encoding starch branching enzyme II in a plant, comprising the step of introducing the nucleic acid construct of claim 58 into a host plant, wherein said nucleic acid construct when expressed reduces the expression of starch branching enzyme II in the plant.
 76. The method of claim 75, wherein the expression of starch branching enzyme II is decreased in the endosperm of the plant.
 77. The method of claim 75, wherein the plant is a cereal plant of the family Gramineae.
 78. The method of claim 75, wherein the plant is wheat, maize, barley or rice.
 79. The method of claim 78, wherein the plant is wheat.
 80. The method of claim 79, wherein the plant is barley.
 81. The method of claim 75, wherein said nucleic acid construct further comprises a sense nucleotide sequence which is combined with said antisense nucleotide sequence, wherein said sense nucleotide sequence comprises at least a fragment of SEQ ID NO:
 10. 82. The method of claim 75, wherein the characteristics of the starch produced by the plant are altered. 